Next-Generation Rocket Propulsion : A Comparative Evaluation Of Systems for Advancing Human Spaceflight

Abstract

Abstract - While traditional chemical propulsion systems have enabled humanity to enter space and explore nearby celestial bodies, their inherent limitations — such as low fuel efficiency, high mass ratios, and inability to support long duration missions — pose significant challenges for future interplanetary travel. In contrast, advanced propulsion technologies like ion propulsion, nuclear thermal propulsion, and plasma-based engines offer promising solutions by delivering greater efficiency, longer operational lifespans, and higher specific impulse. This study adopts a comparative evaluation methodology, analyzing multiple propulsion systems using key performance metrics such as specific impulse, thrust, efficiency, feasibility, and mission suitability. The systems are compared to assess their practicality for near-term and long-term human space exploration. Moreover, this paper investigates the potential of these next-generation propulsion stems to transform the scope, safety, and feasibility of deep space missions, particularly in the context of human exploration of Mars and beyond, highlighting the engineering advancements, physical principles, and practical challenges that must be addressed to bring these technologies from concept to mission-ready reality.